初中英语语法大全|初中英语语法总结|下载版
同学们好,初中英语语法是中学阶段一个非常重要的模块,同学们务必要重视,只有学好语法,我们在完型阅读时才能更好的理解一些长难句,对文章有更深入的理解。那么,在初中阶段,语法的考察主要集中在词法部分,句法部分考察相对较少,所以安颖老师在这里着重为同学们整理了初中英语语法大全,供同学们参考,这些知识点都非常重要,希望同学们课后好好消化吸收。
初中英语语法大全之冠词
冠词
1.定冠词-the .
○1 重复提到上文的人或事物。
I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
○2 表示世界上独一无二的事物。
The moon moves around the earth .
○3 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。
I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
○4 洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the 。
I like playing the piano / violin .
○5 放在某些专有名词前。
We will go to visit the Great Wall next week .
○6 放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。
The Whites are watching TV .
2.不定冠词-a / an .
○1 指人或事物的某一种类。
A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。
Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.
○3 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。
Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
初中英语语法大全之代词
代词
指示代词 This, that, these, those, it等
不定代词some, any, no, none, few, little, all, both, either, neither, other, another, nobody等
疑问代词 who, what, whose, which, whom等
关系代词which, that, who, whom, whose等
其中不定代词是初中阶段考察的重点:
- 不定代词之some, any
some一般用在肯定句中, any一般用在疑问句,否定句中,但当问着提问时想得到对方的肯定回答时,用some,如:
Would you like a cup of tea? Yes, please.
要来杯茶吗? 好的,谢谢.
- 不定代词之many, much
many后面加可数名词复数, much后面加不可数名词.
much可以修饰形容词,副词比较级.
(1) few , a few用于可数名词前,而 little, a little用于不可数名词前.
(2) a few, a little表示肯定意义,意思为有几个,有一些,而few, little表示否定意义,意思为几乎没有.
There is a little water in the glass.
There is little water in the glass.
She has a few friends.
She has few friends.
- 不定代词之other系列
other系列的不定代词有:
one…the other… 一个….另一个….(两者中)
one…another… 一个….另一个….(不定数量中)
one… the others… 一个….其余的…..
some…others… 一部分….另一部分…..
some…some…the others… 一部分….另一部分…..剩余的全部…..
5.不定代词之both, either, neither系列
(1) both:两者都
all:三者或三者以上都
(2) neither:两者都不
none:三者及三者以上都不,可用于人,也可用于物,后可接of短语
(3) each:两者或两者以上中的每一个,each可以和of连用,强调个体
every:三者或三者以上中的每一个,every不能和of连用,强调整体
(4) either:两者中的任何一个
any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个
初中英语语法大全之形容词副词
形容词和副词
A. 形容词
1、 形容词比较等级的形式
(1) 规则形式
一般说来,单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; –est 来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如:
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不规则形式
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
(3) 形容词比较等级的用法
①表示两者的比较,用形容词的比较级+than. 如:
He is cleverer than the other boys.
②表示两者以上的比较,用”the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …”如:
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示两者是同等程度,用”as +形容词原级+as”. 如:
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如:The more I learn, the happier I am.
(4)表示倍数的三个句型:
…times as+形容词原级+as…
This table is three times as big as that one.
这个桌子是那个的三倍大。
…times the +性质名词+of…
This table is three times the size of that one.
…times +形容词比较级+than…
This table is twice bigger than that one.
(5)no+比较级+than的特殊含义及一些特殊结构
A is no more careful than B.
A和B两个人都不仔细。
A is no less careful than B.
A和B两个人都很仔细。
A is not more careful than B.
A不如B仔细。
A is not less careful than B.
A的仔细程度并不差于B.
B.副词
1、 副词的种类
(1) 时间副词 如:ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地点副词 如:here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副词 如:carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副词 如:almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 某些副词在用法上的区别
(1) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句,too和as well多用于口语,一般放在句末,而also多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放在句末。如:He went there too.
He didn’t go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(2) hard, hardly
hardly意为”几乎”与hard在词义上完全不同。如:
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
初中英语语法大全之介词
介词
(1) in、on、at表示时间时:
in表示在一段时间里,常与月份,年份连用。
on表示在具体的某一天。
at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间,常与时刻或noon,night连用。
如:He was born on the evening of May 10th.
他出生于五月十日的晚上。
I usually get up at 6:00 in the morning.
我通常在早上的六点钟起床。
(2) by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:
by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中表示动作的执行者。
in表示“使用”某种语言/文字。
with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。
如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.
我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路。
Please write that article in Chinese.
请你用中文写那篇文章。
Let’s go to the zoo by car.
我们开车去动物园吧。
It was written by Lu Xun.
那是鲁迅写的。
(3) through与across、over的用法区别:
through指穿过…(门洞/人群/树林),一般指从立体空间中穿过。
across表示从表面,平面穿过。
over表示翻过…,越过。
如:Just then a cat ran across the road.
就在那时一只猫跑过路面。
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.
他们翻过大山提前到达了那里。
The visitors went through a big gate into another place.
参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个景点。
我们应该把工作干到底。
(4)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:
for a moment一会儿、片刻(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用。
for the moment暂时、目前,常用于现在时。
in a moment一会儿、立即、马上(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时。
at the moment此刻,眼下(=now),用于现在进行时。
如:Please wait for a moment.
请稍等。
Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.
暂时就维持现状吧!
I’ll come back in a moment.teacheray.com
我过会儿回来
I am very busy at the moment.
我现在很忙。
(5)in front of 与in the front of:
in front of“在…的前面”, 无范围。
in the front of“在…的前部”在一定范围内。
如:A car was parking in front of that car.
这辆车停在那辆车的前面。
In the front of the hall stood a big desk.
大厅前部立着一个大桌子。
(6)except与besides的区别:
except除了,表示排除掉某物,即不包含。
besides除了,表示包含,即“不仅……还有……”
如:Everyone went to the park except Tom.
除了汤姆,大家都去了公园(汤姆没有去)
Besides English she also studied many other subjects.
除了英语之外,她还学了其他许多功课。 (英语也是她学的功课之一)
(7)in,on ,to表示地点时的区别:
in表示”在……范围内”,还表示“在…之中”。
on表示“与……毗邻,接壤” 。
to表示方位,不接壤。
如:Beijing is in the east of China。
北京在中国的东部。(在内部)
Shandong is on the east of Hebei。
山东在河北的东面。(接壤)
Taiwan is in south of china.
台湾在中国的南面。(虽不接壤,但台湾是中国的一部分,属于内部)
Janpan is to the east of china.
日本在中国的东面。(不接壤)
(8)on,over,above与under, below, beneath
over 正上方
above斜上方
on接触表面上方
under正下方
below斜下方
beneath接触表面的下方
初中英语语法大全之连词
连词
(1) and与or
and表示顺承,or表示选择时意为“或”,表示解释时意为“即”,在祈使句中意为“否则”
I can speak English and Janpanese.
我会说英语和日语。
Which would you like? Tea or coffee?
您要哪一种?你要茶还是咖啡呢?
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
快点儿,否则我们就要迟到了。
注意:and可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件(or也有此用法),如:
Make up your mind, and you’ll get the chance.=
If you make up your mind,you’ll get the chance.
如果你下定决心,你会有机会的。
(2) both…and…
They can both read English and speak it well.
他们既能读英语又能说得很好。
She plays both the piano and the guitar.
她既弹钢琴又弹吉他。
(3) not only….but also….与as well as
She plays not only the piano, but also the guitar.
她不仅弹钢琴,而且弹吉他。
They visited some factories, hospitals as well as the school.
他们参观了这所学校,还参观了工厂和医院。
注意:not only….but also….连接两个分句时,否定词位于句首,句子要倒装。如:
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
他不仅喜欢读故事,而且还可以写一些故事。
(4) neither….nor….表示既不…..也不……,谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后面的词保持一致。
Neither you nor he is a student.
你和他都不是学生。
(5) either….or…..意为或者….或者….,谓语动词采用就近原则
Either you or I am right.
不是你就是我是对的。
(6) not…but….不是….而是….,not和but后面用的词要遵循一致原则
Not money but wisdom is what we want.
不是金钱,而是智慧,才是我们想要的。
They were not the bones of an animal, but(the bones)of a human being.
它们不是动物的骨头,而是人类的骨头。
(7) however然而,但是
Our task is hard, however, we should work to the end.
我们的任务是艰巨的,但是,我们应该工作到最后。
(8) on the other hand, on the contrary 相反的,另一方面
On the other hand, many women choose to go out to work.
在另一方面,许多妇女又出去工作。
It’s no trouble at all; on the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you
根本不费事,恰恰相反,非常荣幸能帮到你。
(9) so 与therefore因此,所以
He was ill, so he didn’t attend the meeting.
他病了,所以没有参加会议。
Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories .teacheray.com
肌肉细胞需要很多能量,所以会燃烧大量卡路里。
(10) but表示转折,while表示对比
He is not my son, but my nephew.
他不是我的儿子,而是我的侄子。
He is a doctor while I am a worker.
他是医生,而我是工人。
初中英语语法大全之情态动词
情态动词
(1) can (could)在肯定句中表示能力或客观可能性,在疑问句中或否定句中表示许可,请求,可能,猜测或不肯定。
I can speak English.(表能力)
我会说英语。
Anybody can make mistakes.(表客观可能性)
任何人都可能犯错误。
Can I smoke here?(表请求,许可)
我能在这吸烟吗?
Can the news be true?(表可能性,猜测,用于疑问句中,语气比must表推测弱,比might 强)
这条消息可能是真的吗?
(2) may(might)表示许可,可能或用于请求,许可;表示说话人的猜测(可能)
May I come in?(表示请求,许可)
我能进来吗?
She may not go to the concert tonight.(表示可能性较小的推测)
她今天晚上可能不去音乐会。
(3) must(have to )表示必须,必要,必然或不得不;表示推测(可能性较大)
Soldiers must obey rules.(表示必须,必要)
士兵必须遵守规定。
All men must die.(表示必然,不得不)
所有人都必须死。
He must be in the library now.(表示可能性大的推测)
他现在一定在图书馆。
(4) need表示需要,一般用在否定句或疑问句中
Need we return the books today?(表示需要,必要性,疑问句)
我们需要今天还书吗?
No, you needn’t.(否定句)
不,你不需要。
(5) shall表示命令,许诺,威胁,强制,警告,请求
Every athlete shall wear a number plate.(表示命令)
每位运动员都应佩戴号码牌。
You shall get awarded if you pass the exam.(表示许诺)
如果你通过这次考试应该获得奖励。
Shall I open the door?(表示请求)
我能打开这道门吗?
(6) will表示意愿,意志,功能,习惯等;用于征求意见,提出请求
If you come, I’ll go to meet you.(表示意愿)
如果你来,我回去见你。
The door won’t open.(表示功能)
这扇门不会开。
(7) would表过去的意愿,用于征求意见;表示过去的习惯动作
I would do my best.teacheray.com
我会做到最好。(过去的意愿)
Would you please close the door?
你能把这扇门关上吗?(征求意见)
We would find a book , reading for hours.
我们会找到一本书,读几个小时。(过去习惯的动作)
初中英语语法大全之非谓语动词
非谓语动词
1.不定式
1)不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作发生在谓语之后。如:
They invited us to go there this summer.
他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
2)不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语,有时也可作主语、定语等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter.
她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
3)不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.
你真好,这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.
他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
4)不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作,就需要用完成进行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.
据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
5)不定式的被动式:
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式,to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如:
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
对他来说,被老师责备是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result.
他们似乎对结果很满意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
2.-ing分词
-ing分词的一般式和完成式:
-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
作为一个学生,他对书本很感兴趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。
-ing分词的被动式:
-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间,-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如:
The question being discussed is very important.
正在被讨论的问题很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。
3.过去分词
1) 过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如:
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken.
不要碰那个杯子,它是坏的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress.
她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语:
①单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如:
The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
②过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗?
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。
③过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如:
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
这些书是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。
3) 过去分词做状语:
过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如:
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。
②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。
③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如:
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。
④表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如:
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如:
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife
那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
4) 过去分词作补语:
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?
你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?
初中英语语法大全之时态语态
动词时态、语态
时态
1、 一般现在时
(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如:Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如:The earth goes round the sun.
2、 现在进行时
(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如:
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等连用,表一种经常反复的动作,常含有某种情感。如:
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 现在完成时
主要表示动作发生在过去,对现在仍有影响,或动作一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去,常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般将来时
表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如:
I’ll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
5、一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如:It happened many years ago.
6、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如:
The train had already left before we arrived.
语态
1. 语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .(被动)
2. 被动语态:助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词(be +p.p.),be有人称、时态和数的变化。
一般现在时 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词 Colour TVs are made in the factory .
一般过去时 Was / were +动词过去分词 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .
一般将来时 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 The film will be shown again .
现在进行时 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 The walls are being painted .
过去进行时 Was / were +being动词过去分词 The tickets were being well sold then .
现在完成时 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here .
初中英语语法大全之从句
从句
1、 名词性从句, 细分又分为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句
(1) 主语从句
What he wants is his mother’s love.
(2)宾语从句
I don’t know how to answer the question.
宾语从句是初中很重要的语法点,同学们在复习宾语从句时一定要把握两点,即宾语从句的陈述语序与时态一致问题.
所有的宾语从句都要使用陈述语序,如:
When did the train leave? I want to know.变为I want to know when the train left.
我想知道火车什么时候离开的.
Do they often play basketball? He asked. 变为 He asked if they often played basketball.
他问他们是否经常打篮球.
注意正确使用时态
如果主句是一般现在时,一般将来时或祈使句时,宾语从句时态不受限制,根据实际表达需求来确定.
He will tell us that he has been able to look after himself.
他将告诉我们他已经能照顾自己.
如果主句是一般过去时,从句必须是过去的某种时态.
He said that he was born in Beijing in 1985.
他说他1985年出生在北京.
(3)表语从句
This is why I came here.
(4)同位语从句
I have no idea where he born.
2、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。
(1)在下列情况下,要用that而不用which。
- 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时,如,
Everything (that) he did is right.
- 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时,如,
I’ll read all the books (that) you lend me.teacheray.com
- 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,
This is the first letter (that) the boy has read.
- 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时,如
He is the very man (that) I’m looking for.
(2)where, when, why作关系副词
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
I’ll never forget the days that/which we spent together.
Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.
Hangzhou is a city which/that has a beautiful lake.
We don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason which/that he gave was reasonable.
(3)as和which
as 可以放于句首,而which 不可以, 如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1990s.
3、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。
○1 时间状语从句:由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。
You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .
○2 条件状语从句:由if, unless, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。
I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow .
○3 原因状语从句:由because, as, since, for(因为)等引导。
He was absent yesterday because he was ill .
As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .
○4 目的状语从句:由so that, in order that, in case等引导。
He got up early so that he could catch the early train.
○5 结果状语从句:由so…that, such…that等。
The film is so interesting that everyone wants to see it again .
○6 比较状语从句:由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the(+比较级)…the(+比较级)等引导。
Today is not as warm as yesterday.
○7 地点状语从句:由where 和wherever等引导。
He follows her wherever she goes .
○8 方式状语从句:由as, as if 等引导。As if 引导的从句的时态不符合事实时要用虚语语气。
Please do as I do .
He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .
○9 让步状语从句:由though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter wh+等引导。
Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .
初中英语语法大全之倒装
倒装
1、全部倒装
(1)there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting.
There is a book on the table.
(2)here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时需要倒装,但主语是人称代词时,不倒装。
Here comes the bus. Here he comes.
2、部分倒装
(1)so, neither, nor置于句首
I like swimming, so does my brother.
(2)only在句首
Only with our combined efforts ,can we get over the difficulties.
Only in this way can we do the work well.teacheray.com
(3)含有否定意义的词置于句首,如,hardly, no, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way,等
Never had I heard that.
Little did I know about this.
(4)以so +形容词或副词开头的句子,如,
So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
(5)用于省略if的虚拟条件句中,将had, were, should提前,如,
Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
Had he come, we would have won.
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